Global mining demand from clean energy technologies is projected to double—or more—by 2040. Meeting this demand through increased mining activity is crucial to addressing climate change, but it will also significantly and disparately impact communities located near major mines.

This report examines how local communities in developing countries have been affected by mining activity in recent decades. Using geographic location data and modern statistical methods, we evaluate the impact of major mine openings—with a particular focus on critical minerals—on three key outcomes in the surrounding area:

1. overall economic activity
2. deforestation
3. farm yields

As this report details, mining has yielded both economic development and environmental damage. Investments in sustainable mining practices will be necessary to satisfy growing mineral demand while minimizing harm to local communities.