One of the lessons learned from COVID-19 is that the healthcare and public-health infrastructure in the US—let alone globally—was inadequate for the scale of the emergency, and the costs in lives and wealth have been astronomical. Are we truly learning the lessons that will drive investments in resilience for the next time? What are the urgent priorities that will help us detect and prevent outbreaks before they take hold? Do we have the resources to develop and manufacture needed products rapidly and at scale, and ensure that all people have access to diagnostics and care? What are the opportunities for more private as well as public investment, or for novel financing mechanisms that could be important?