Margaret (Peggy) Hamburg recently retired as foreign secretary for the National Academy of Medicine, as well as completing her terms as president and board-chair of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). She is an internationally recognized leader in public health, medicine, and science. Dr. Hamburg was the twenty-first commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, where she was known for advancing regulatory science, modernizing regulatory pathways, and globalizing the agency. Before this, she was founding vice president and senior scientist at the Nuclear Threat Initiative, a foundation dedicated to reducing nuclear, chemical, and biological threats. Other past positions include assistant secretary of health and human services for planning and evaluation, health commissioner for New York City, and assistant director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Dr. Hamburg is a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Medical School and is board-certified in Internal Medicine.