The international trading system is undergoing a profound transformation driven by forces including geopolitical tensions, technological advances, and the unfolding revolution in supply chain management. These shifts present serious risks and significant opportunities for the Middle East and Africa, which hold a combined 30 percent of global mineral reserves, 42 percent of oil and gas reserves, 50 percent of natural gas reserves, and growing technology and manufacturing ecosystems, but nevertheless account for just 12 percent of global trade. What are the most pressing trade and investment challenges facing government and private sector leaders across these two diverse and dynamic regions? What further steps should be taken to deepen regional economic integration, building on initiatives including the African Continental Free Trade Area and the Gulf Cooperation Council? How will national and regional economic diversification efforts contribute to and benefit from deeper integration into global value chains?